Ku byerekeye urutonde rwo kugereranya bibiri bibiri
Ubumenyi bw'ibyemezo byiza kurushaho.
Kugereranya bibiri bibiri si igitekerezo gishya. Byizweho, birageragezwa kandi byemezwa mu bushakashatsi bw'imyaka hafi ijana mu by'imitekerereze, ubukungu n'ubumenyi bwo gufata ibyemezo.
- 01Inkomoko
- 02Ishingiro ry'imitekerereze
- 03Imibare
- 04Imikorere y'amatsinda
- 05Ikoreshwa
- 06Inkomoko z'ubumenyi
Kuva mu bumenyi bw'imyumvire kugeza mu nama z'ubuyobozi
Uburyo bwashyizweho ku mugaragaro mu 1927 — kandi bwakomeje gusubirwamo kuva icyo gihe.
Amateka y'igitekerezo cyo kugereranya bibiri bibiri atangirira ku kibazo gifatika: mupima mute ibintu bidafite igipimo kamere?
Igisubizo, cyatanzwe n'umuhanga mu by'imitekerereze Louis Leon Thurstone wo muri University of Chicago, kwari ukugereranya ibintu mu buryo butaziguye, bibiri bibiri. Inyandiko ye yo mu 1927, A Law of Comparative Judgment, yahinduye iki gitekerezo icyitegererezo cy'imibare kinoze.
Igitekerezo cya Thurstone cyashingiye ku byagaragaye mu bushakashatsi: abantu basubiza neza cyane ikibazo ngo “muri ibi bibiri ni ikihe gisakuza cyane?” kurusha ngo “iki gisakuza bingana iki, ku gipimo cya kimwe kugeza ku icumi?”
Impamvu kugereranya bibiri biruta ibipimo
Umutwaro wo gutekereza mu gutanga amanota uruta uko bigaragara.
Iyo musabye umuntu gutanga amanota y'akamaro k'icyihutirwa cy'ingenzi ku gipimo cya kimwe kugeza ku icumi, muba mumusabye gukora ibikorwa byinshi by'imitekerereze icyarimwe. Iyi nzira izana amakosa ahoraho kuri buri ntambwe.
Ikosa ryangiza cyane muri ayo ni kubogamira ku cy'ibanze (anchoring bias). Ingingo ya mbere ihabwa amanota ikunda kugira ingaruka ku manota yose akurikiraho; ubushakashatsi bwa Tversky na Kahneman (1974) bwagaragaje ko izo ngaruka ari nini kandi bigoye cyane kuzikosora.
Indi nkomoko y'amakosa ni kwegeranya ku gipimo. Mu by'ukuri, abasubiza benshi birinda impera z'igipimo, ibisubizo bikegerana hagati — ari na yo mpamvu ubushakashatsi ku byihutirwa cumi na bibiri bukunze kugarura ibintu cumi na bibiri byose “bifite akamaro kanini cyane”.
Igikorwa cyose, gisubirwamo inshuro nyinshi kugeza buri ngingo igereranyijwe n'izindi zose.
Musabe umuntu uwo ari we wese gutanga amanota kuri icumi kuri ibi, byombi bigaruka ari icyenda. Mumusabe guhitamo, asubiza mu isegonda imwe — kandi abivuga abikuye ku mutima.
Uko ibyo abantu bahitamo bihinduka urutonde
Uburyo bwo guhuriza hamwe buroroshye, burasobanutse kandi bushingiye ku mibare.
Iyo hari ingingo n zo gushyira ku rutonde, buri ngingo igereranywa n'izindi zose inshuro imwe gusa. Umubare wose w'igereranya rikenewe ni n(n−1)/2.
Guhuriza hamwe ibisubizo by'umuntu ku giti cye
Amanota ya buri kintu ni igipimo cyacyo cyo gutsinda: igice cy'igereranya cyatsinze, aho kunganya cyangwa gusimbuka bibarwa nk'igice. Gutondekanya ibintu hakurikijwe intsinzi biroroshye kandi birasobanutse, kandi ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko bihagarara neza imbere y'ibyitegererezo by'ibarurishamibare bigoye kurushaho (Shah & Wainwright, 2018).
Guhuriza hamwe ibisubizo by'itsinda
Ku masesiyo y'itsinda, igereranya rya buri witabiriye rihurizwa hamwe mbere y'uko urutonde rwa nyuma rubarwa. Igiteranyo cy'intsinzi z'itsinda kuri buri gereranya ni igiteranyo cy'amajwi ya buri muntu mu bitabiriye bose.
Icy'ingenzi, ibyavuyemo bihurijwe hamwe binagaragaza imiterere y'ukutumvikana. Ingingo zicamo itsinda ibice zigaragara mu makuru — kandi akenshi ibi ni byo bifite agaciro kanini mu byava mu isesiyo y'itsinda.
Isesiyo y'itsinda nk'igikoresho cyo gusuzuma
Urutonde si cyo cyonyine kivamo. Imiterere y'ukutumvikana ifite akamaro kangana.
Uburyo busanzwe bwo gufata ibyemezo mu itsinda buhuriye ku nenge y'ibanze: bugirwaho ingaruka n'uko ibitekerezo bikurikirana bivugwa. Umuntu wa mbere uvuga ni we uyobora itsinda.
Amatsinda akunda kuganira ku byo buri wese asanzwe azi no gukoresha bike ibyo umunyamuryango umwe wenyine azi. Iki ni ikibazo cy'amakuru ahishe (Stasser & Titus, 1985). Gukusanya amahitamo ya buri muntu mu ibanga, mbere y'ikiganiro icyo ari cyo cyose, bishyira buri gitekerezo ku meza.
Aho bukoreshwa
Kuva mu bumenyi bw'amajwi n'imyumvire kugeza mu gutoza AI — uburyo bukwira hose.
Igenamigambi n'imiyoborere
Analytic Hierarchy Process yakoreshejwe mu byemezo bikomeye by'ingamba mu by'umutekano, ibikorwaremezo, ubuzima na leta. Isuzuma ryo mu 2008 ryabonye ikoreshwa rirenga 900 ryasohowe mu nzego 19 zitandukanye.
Kwiga kw'imashini na AI
Kwiga binyuze mu bihembo bishingiye ku bitekerezo by'abantu (RLHF), uburyo bukoreshwa mu gutoza imiterere minini y'indimi y'iki gihe, bushingiye ku kugereranya bibiri bibiri gusa. Abasuzuma b'abantu berekwa ibisubizo bibiri by'imiterere bagasabwa guhitamo icyiza.
Imikino n'urutonde rw'amarushanwa
Uburyo bwo gutanga amanota bwa Elo, bukoreshwa mu mukino wa chess, mu mupira w'amaguru no mu yindi mirima myinshi y'amarushanwa, bufitanye isano ya hafi n'icyitegererezo cya Bradley–Terry cyo kugereranya bibiri bibiri.
Ibindi byo gusoma
Inkomoko z'ibanze n'inyandiko z'ingenzi.
A Law of Comparative Judgment. Psychological Review, 34(4), 273–286.
Rank analysis of incomplete block designs. Biometrika, 39(3/4), 324–345.
A Scaling Method for Priorities in Hierarchical Structures. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 15(3), 234–281.
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131.
Pooling of Unshared Information in Group Discussion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(6), 1467–1478.
Deep Reinforcement Learning from Human Preferences. NeurIPS 2017.
Simple, Robust and Optimal Ranking from Pairwise Comparisons. Journal of Machine Learning Research.
Mutegure isesiyo y'umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa y'itsinda mu minota itarenga ibiri. Nta konti isabwa kugira ngo mutangire.